Race and Corrections - 845 Words

Race and Corrections Sheronda Allen Arizona State University CRJ 305- Laura Owen Minorities remain overrepresented in crime, offending, victimization, and all stages of the criminal justice process especially confinement. Overrepresentation alludes to a situation in which a greater part of a particular group is present at various stages within the justice system than would be expected based on its part in the general population (Rosich, 2007). Minorities have always had a larger population in the prison system and after the Civil War they were overrepresented in American prison. There are a few reasons as to why races are disproportionately which are denial of jobs, poverty, and it is felt that police have bias and†¦show more content†¦When you look at the racial breakdown of the people incarcerated you will find that the Black population has the highest incarceration with Whites and then Hispanics/Latinos next. In 2009, there were 5,018,855 men and women being supervised on probation or parole (Gabbidon, Greene, 2013, p. 247-282). African Americans and Hispanics consisted of 58% of all prisoners in 2008. One in six black men had been incarcerated as of 2001. Imprisonment is more common in some social groups than others and makes it easier for racial groups to fall into that stereotype. It becomes more widely expected for groups such as Black males and even Hispanics when they live in the low income communities. At some point one in three Black males and one in six Hispanics will be incarcerated at some point in their life (Berg, DeLisi, 2006). Nationwide, African American men are confined at 9.6 times the rate of White men. Current trends show that incarceration numbers continue to grow higher each year. The United States rate of incarceration is the leading nation in rates of incarceration. Other countries have much lower percentages than the U.S. does. There a implications because of inmates reentering the prison system within three years after being released. In 1994 51.8% of inmates that had been released were back in the pr ison system (U.S. prison populations: Trends and implications, n.d.). Other implicationsShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System, Corrections And Their Intersection With Race And Gender Essay1883 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscovered what works and what does not, even today we are still learning and debating what’s right and what’s wrong with in this system. This article will discuss three components of the criminal justice system policing, courts, corrections and their intersection with race and gender. Topics include the death penalty, sentencing disparities, racial profiling, stop and frisk and parole release to name a few. History of Policing in the United States Policing in America can be traced back to the 1700’sRead MorePelican Bay State Prison s Racial Base Classification System918 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Prison classification is an important process in the U.S. correctional system and community corrections. Every state utilizes different types of classification method to classify their inmates. Penal institutions in the U.S. have evolved tremendously in terms of sentencing procedures, decisions and classifications. Studies from Clear et al. (2013) indicate that offenders in the United States, which consists of men, women, and juveniles, were all confined together in the same prison inRead MoreRace, Class And Gender1032 Words   |  5 Pages IN WHAT WAYS DO RACE, CLASS AND GENDER SHAPE PRACTICES AND EXPERIENCES IN PRISON? DRAW ON THEORIES AND EXAMPLES/CASE STUDIES TO SUPPORT YOUR CASE. OVERVIEW This essay will explore how race, class and gender shapes practices and experiences in prison. Firstly, a discussion of prison in general is necessary. In other words, what constitutes prisons, its aims and objectives and prison culture (Reeves, 2015). Currently there are 38,845 prisoners in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016)Read MoreDrugs and New Orleans Teens744 Words   |  3 PagesLouisiana is a state that is known for its diverse population totaling 4,533,372 men women and children of all different races and ages, but the age and race this paper pertains to is that ranging from the age of 15 to 24, and the race would be African American males. According to latest statistical information approximately 334,987 African-American males between the ages of 15 and 24 live in the state of Louisiana which represents 7.3894% of the total African-American population, which is 1,452Read MoreThe Effects of Overcrowded Conditions in US Prisons1564 Words   |  6 PagesIndia, in the conservative National Review magazine, â€Å"We are imprisoning, in our most expensive spaces, more people for relatively minor, nonviolent offenses, like low-level property and drug violations. Some of our guests are not with the state corrections system long enough for any rehabilitation, substance-abuse counseling or job training to take place† (Katel). Evidently attention and change to this neglected criminal punishment system need to be addressed. This issue remains a troubling problemRead MoreThe Medical Model, Community Model And The Crime Control Model869 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity corrections is continually changing and has been for the past one hundred years. From the early to mid-twentieth century onward it has used three major models, the medical model, community model, and the crime control model. The major turning point for the American community corrections system that led to corrections as we know it today was in 1974 when What Works? - Questions and Answers About Prison Reform by Martinson was published. The system changed practically ov ernight acrossRead MoreThe And Justice For All1743 Words   |  7 Pagesequality for all people regardless of race, sex, national origin, handicap, and more† (Urban Dictionary). This is important in a community because it allows for everyone to partake in have opportunities, have access to liberties, and no one would be over looked because of their beliefs and nationality. The state of being equal is considering â€Å"a person or thing the same as another in status and quality†. To be equal is to be the same despite differences in race, gender, or class. Equality in allRead MoreThe Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in Juvenile Justice System765 Words   |  4 PagesDepartment of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System James Francis Juvenile Delinquency American Military University Professor Robert Arruda The Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system brings the juvenile delinquent in contact with the local police, the court system and if found guilty, the Department of Corrections. This paper will discuss the role of the police, the courts and the Department of Corrections in the juvenileRead MoreShould Prison Gangs Become More Prevalent Inside Our Nation s Prison System? Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol and suppress gang activity† (Pyrooz Mitchell, 2015). Why are prison gangs becoming more prevalent inside our nation’s prison system? Since the 1950s, prison gangs have developed in American prisons more rapidly than in the previous years. Correction staff recognizes some prison gangs as being a security threat group or STG. A security threat group is â€Å"a term for prison gangs that describes how they negatively impact the security of prison operations† (Smallagher Smykla, 2015). Gangs haveRead MoreRecidivism And The Correctional System1722 Words   |  7 PagesIn order to do this I searched a lot of online databases’ and examined quite a few academic journals, articles and other scholarly documents and websites on the topic. I tried to find information on the success rate of Community Corrections versus other forms of corrections, how recidivism relates across all branches of the criminal justice system, and reasons for why inmates in various types of facilities commit crimes again, relapse, or remain in the criminal lifestyle patterns. I also wanted to

Religion And Its Impact On Society - 1033 Words

Approximately eight-in-ten people identify with some form of a religious group worldwide (Global). In a demographic study conducted in 2013 by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion Public Life, more than 230 countries were estimated to have 5.8 billion religiously affiliated people nationally (Global). This large statistic represents 84% of the 2013 world population, which at that time was 6.9 billion (Global). Religion has an immense presence in this world, but it also has a huge impact on the society that surrounds it. Contributing not only to the good of society, religion has also been used to disrupt and cause chaos. Impacting society positively, religion not only provides individuals with a moral framework for their lives, but it also brings communities together and gives them hope in difficult situations. However, in contrast religion can impact society negatively, by inspiring conflict, and those that rely on religion too much may become passive to reality. As mu ch as religion draws people together, it can also tear them apart. For centuries, religion has molded individual’s outlook and mindset to view the world in a certain way. Religion has been used as an outlet for many; it can provide a way to cope with any onset of problems. It offers an opportunity to join in a community, and to socialize with like-mined people and establish friendships and a sense of belonging. In times of disaster and hardship, many turn to religion to seek answers and cope withShow MoreRelatedReligion And Its Impact On Society1473 Words   |  6 Pages The dictionary defines society as â€Å"an organized group of persons associated together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes† and religion as â€Å"something one believes in and follows devotedly; a point or matter of ethics or conscience.† The question stated on our political survey reads â€Å"shared religious belief isn’t and important part of our society.† And I disagree with that. Almost e veryone has his or her own sets of beliefs and morals, which isRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1163 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has created major turmoil in America. Every night on the news, specialists elaborate more and more about the candidates and their ideas. Many of the most controversial issues are refugees, terrorism, and abortion; all of which all have aspects dealing with religion. This is a sharp contrast to the supposed â€Å"separation† of church and state in America, since citizens are electing the next president based on his religion-based opinions. These opinions are often altered through the instantaneousRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society910 Words   |  4 PagesNot a single person would define religion, in their own words, the same as anyone else. James Martineau, an English philosopher influential in the history of Unitarianism, once said â€Å"Religion is the belief in an ever living God, that is, in a Divine Mind and Will ruling the Universe and holding moral relations with mankind.† Many different people see religion in many different ways. Religion has been an important place in the history of civilization. It gives a meaning and purpose to human life andRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1343 Words   |  6 Pagescirculation religion has been a part of society that has always been there. But is this idea of rules and regulations enforced by a belief system really helpful to society? In a world without religion would there be less wars, hatred, and discrimination? With so many people involved or affiliated with religion it is important to explore deeper into the negative impact that religion has on society and try to make the world a better place with information that will help all. At a personal level religion fulfillsRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society922 Words   |  4 Pagesand it is impossible to think that every person in the world believes the same thing. A person’s morals can be based off of their geographical location, religion, political party, upbringing, or even the time period in which they lived. Each of these factors can greatly impact what people think is right and wrong. Religion has a huge impact on what people’s morals are. For example, many Hindus find that it is immoral to eat meat, while many Christians do not find a problem with it. This doesRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1699 Words   |  7 PagesFor the past centuries religion has been a major force in the world and still continues to be one as there are billions of people that believe and follow a certain religion, but sadly religion has had a largely negative impact on the world today. As people continue to view religion in an unrealistic positive manner they continue to be deceived about its negative impact. During recent years there have been many headlines about how religion influenced people in performing terrible acts that oppressRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1310 Words   |  6 Pagesforce in society. Religion has been a major component of human culture since nearly the beginning of man. As we emerged as a high intellect species, we developed man y different ideologies to answer some of our unanswerable questions. Since these developments, we continue to evolve as a species and the ideologies we have created evolve with us in our endlessly changing societies. As civilization grows, our different cultures clashed for many different reasons, one of which has been religion. As theRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society951 Words   |  4 Pages Religion to me is a set of beliefs and practices that can determine actions in everyday life by determining morals and deciding what is right and wrong in each society. This is a general idea that I believe has guided societies for centuries and has shaped today’s cultures. As we study cultures around the world, we can find significant influential factors dating back to a prominent religion that shaped the ideals of culture telling the people what is deemed acceptable practice and behavior and whatRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1862 Words   |  8 PagesReligio n ranks as one of the most divisive factors in the world today dividing not only believers and non-believers but as well as those of different sects. Different ideals, and views of the diverse religions spur negativity amongst countries, races, friends, and family alike driving wedges whilst creating problems between individuals. However it also has brought billions of people together, going on to forge a sense of shred belief and unity of purpose across wide racial and geographical dividesRead MoreReligion : What Are Its Impacts On The Society?1601 Words   |  7 PagesReligion: What are its Impacts to the Society? Human as a physical and finite being believes that there is the spiritual entity or entities which unlike man are infinite and more powerful. Human sought to have a relationship with this sacred being, and the medium which he has devised to do so is religion. Borne out of human’s quest or search for purpose and meaning, religion was employed to provide answers to some basic intriguing phenomena, which bothers him on daily basis. Religion

Information Systems for Enterprise Integration †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Information Systems for Enterprise Integration. Answer: Introduction Enterprise Information System (EIS) refers to the particular information system that helps the business organizations to bring improvements in the functions of business processes with the help of integration. In an organization, EIS has both informational and operational functions. The implementation of EIS helps the organizations to bring efficiency in their business processes[1]. The major difference between inwardly and outwardly organized systems is that inwardly system assists in receiving the organizational documents and applications while outwardly system helps in the process of follow ups of those documents and applications. From the above point, it can be said that inwardly organized systems function is to prepare report about total receivable application and outwardly organized systems function is to prepare report regarding total follow ups. Both help the companies in the process of data backup[2]. Financial and Non-financial Benefits There are both financial and non-financial benefits of the adoption of EIS for Prime Devices (PD). The major financial benefit that PD can get from the adoption of EIS is the reduction of manufacturing cost of the company and this process leads to increased revenue and profitability. The major non-financial benefit is that PD will be able to increase the efficiency of the whole manufacturing operations. It will provide PD with competitive advantage[3]. Reduction of the selling price of PD will be a major parameter for the implementation of EIS in PD. In case EIS helps in cost reduction, the selling price of the company is bound to be decreased. If not, then the implementation needs to be considered as unsuccessful. The next parameter is timely coordination among procurement, assembling and others. In case, coordination can be seen among these factors, then the implementation needs to be considered successful. The implementation of EIS will reduce the daily accounting tasks undertaken by the accounts of PD and this process will lead to the routinization of accounting works in the company. The implementation of EIS system in PD will provide the organizational accountants with speedy accounting information so that they do not have to wait for them. This will increase the efficiency of the whole accounting process of PD[4]. First, the implementation and maintenance costs of EIS are huge for the companies as it is a computerized system. This can become a major constrain PD for EIS implementation. Second, the concern of public regarding environment-sensitive companies can become a hurdle for PD in EIS implementation as the EIS needs to be implemented as per environmental management accounting processes. In addition, skill and knowledge can be constrains as the running of EIS requires specific skills and knowledge[5]. Mechanism to Overcome Constrains in PD Before the implementation of EIS, PD needs to ensure that there is sufficient fund to support the implementation of EIS as the lack of funds can hamper the implementation process of EIS in PD. After that, at the time of EIS implementation, PD needs to ensure the fact that the implementation process complies with the policies of environmental management accounting policies. These are the mechanisms that PD needs to take for effective EIS implementation[6]. According to above discussion, it is recommended that PD should adopt EIS for their business operations as it will reduce the cost of production, selling price, will provide competitive advantage and others. Thus, PD needs to implement both inwardly and outwardly EIS system for their business operations. Both types of EIS need to be implemented as they will ensure the process to receive all the business documents as well as the process to follow up. In addition, they will help in cost reduction and will bring efficiency. Environmental management accounting takes into account the generation and analysis of both financial and non-financial information to support internal environmental management processes. Thus, it is needed for PD to follow and adopt all the policies and principles of environmental management accounting in order to make the company more environments friendly. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that EIS has a big role to play in the business operations of PD. It will help PD to reduce the costs as well as the selling price. There are also many other benefits of EIS. Thus, it is needed for PD to adopt EIS. In addition, PD needs to adopt the policies of environmental management accounting to make the company more environments friendly. References Bulyshev, Alexander E., et al. "Enterprise Information Systems." Laudon, Kenneth C., and Jane P. Laudon.Management information system. Pearson Education India, 2016. Motiwalla, Luvai F., and Jeffrey Thompson.Enterprise systems for management. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2012. Panetto, Herv, and Joe Cecil. "Information systems for enterprise integration, interoperability and networking: theory and applications." (2013): 1-6. Varajao, Joao. "Enterprise information systems."The Learning Organization20.6 (2013). Ward, Keith.Strategic management accounting. Routledge, 2012.

Aspects of Oil and Gas Industry

Question: Discoveries of oil and gas generate much excitement and great effort is put into understanding technical, commercial and legal aspects of field development. In fact however the first challenges to governments are negotiation challenges. Examine and evaluate the key areas and features that governments should focus on during their negotiation process and in the drafting of contracts with the International Oil Companies? Answer: Introduction Oil and gas is one of the most essential resources of our society. Over the years, several emerging countries have emphasised towards the discovery of natural resource with the aim of ensuring the economic growth of the nation. In this regard, more specifically it can be stated that through emphasising towards the natural resources, several global petroleum and gas manufacturing organisations have generated energy. As an effect, economic development has been witnessed and wealth has been maximized for the global nations in terms of foreign earnings. On the other hand, growth of petroleum and gas industry has also ensured sustained economic development for a nation (Marful-Sau, 2009). According to the report of Lukoil (2013), it is revealed that petroleum and gas has been one of the most growing industries among the global market place. In this regard, more specifically it can be argued that over the years the petroleum and gas production has been increased at a rate of 1.2% annually (Lukoil, 2013). On the other hand, based on the report of Ernst Young (2014), it is identified that the consumption of petroleum and gas has been increasing approximately around 50% in every year. Thus, with the aim of ensuring the future prosperity, several governments have incorporated economic policies and legal aspects i.e. petroleum and gas industry (Ernst Young, 2014). In this assignment, the aim is to discover and analyse the commercial, technical and legal aspects of the petroleum and gas industry. Moreover, the study will also highlight the key aspects of the governments through which sustainability development can be ensured for the petroleum and gas industry. Additionally, the study will also try to examine as well as evaluate the key features of the legal aspects by which governments usually negotiate challenges during the international trade operation of oil and gas industry. Furthermore, this particular assignment will emphasise towards the factors by which international petroleum and gas manufacturing organisations can ensure their long term sustainability development. Impact of Petroleum and gas Industry over the Modern Era In order to highlight the impact of the petroleum and gas industry it is identified that the government of United Kingdom (UK) has extremely emphasised towards the environment planning related principles for ensuring the future growth of petroleum and gas industry. At the same time, through emphasising towards environment planning related principles governments of UK has also tried to ensure the balance of natural resource and ecology related aspects of the society. In this regard, based on the report of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Industry and Environment (2015), it is identified that the government of UK as well as United States (US) have contributed their exclusive attention towards the execution of environment related programs with an objective of ensuring the growth of petroleum and gas industry within the globe. At the same time, through emphasising towards the legal framework, the governments of UK and US have also tried to ensure its statutory control over the global oil and gas industry (United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Industry and Environment, 2015). In this context, based on the report of Management of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (2008), it is notified that through the assistance of constant supervising and monitoring, governments can execute the growth of petroleum and gas industry. At the same time, through incorporating qualitative measures outcome of the petroleum and gas industry can be developed significantly (Management of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation, 2008). Discussion In order to discuss the technical, commercial and legal aspects of the petroleum and gas industry; it can be claimed that petroleum and gas is one of the key aspects of modern society. In this context, it can be also argued that through ensuring the growth of petroleum and gas industry, global petroleum and gas manufacturing organisations can enhance the supply of energy towards the power industry. At the same time, it may also ensure the supply of fuel for transportation purpose. Moreover, through emphasising towards the technical, commercial and legal aspects of the petroleum and gas industry; it is also possible to ensure the resource of planning related aspects of minerals. Apart from this, through emphasising towards oil and gas industry; governments can ensure protection of water resources as well as emissions of pure air, which will lead positive impact towards the society in terms of health and safety related aspects. Additionally, it will also reduce the negative impact on t he society in terms of climate change related aspects (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2013). Based on the report of Swansea University (2015), it is identified that the government of UK has introduced a new legal constituent, which is named as Latin Legum Magister (LLM). In this regard, it can be argued that through emphasising towards the LLM, the government of UK has tried to ensure the protection of natural resource in a significant manner. Moreover, it can be stated that through emphasising towards the LLM related aspects, the government of UK has tried to establish conduct and ethics amid the petroleum and gas manufacturer during the practice of business operation. Simultaneously, through emphasising towards the LLM related aspects, the government of UK has tried to protect the waste of natural resource within the globe (Swansea University, 2015). In this context, the report of The University of Houston Law Center (2014), mentioned that through concentrating towards the LLM related aspects the government of UK has tried to ensure the protection of the intellectual prope rty rights. Additionally, it can be argued that through adopting LLM related aspects, the government of UK has tried to enrich the international trade and commerce operations within the petroleum and gas industry (The University of Houston Law Center, 2014). Based on the report of The University of Houston Law Center (2014), it is also identified that due to the presence of LLM features, modern petroleum and gas manufacturing organisations have witnessed greater profitability and success during the during international trade operations. At the same time, it is also revealed that the major stakeholders of the petroleum and gas industry have been benefitted in a significant manner due to the presence of LLM features. As an effect, it is revealed that during the business operations of petroleum and gas industry, the loyalty of the stakeholders such as federal governments, consumers, owners, investors and banks has been enhanced in a significant manner. The following discussion will highlight the legal aspects of the oil and gas industry within the globe (The University of Houston Law Center, 2014). Legal Aspects of Petroleum and Gas Industry In accordance with Soyer and Kurtz-Shefford (2014), it is notified that the government of UK as well as US has highly concentrated towards the contracts as well as liabilities of the petroleum and gas industry. In this regard, rationally it can be claimed that the governments of UK and US has tried to ensure the development of gas and petroleum projects within the globe by concentrating on its life cycle. Similarly, with an aim of ensuring the exploration and manufacturing of gas and petroleum, the governments of UK and US has emphasised towards the confidentiality agreements during the international trade operations. Additionally, through concentrating towards confidentiality agreements the governments of UK and US has also ensured the positive impact towards the society as well as environment in terms of natural resource and minerals. Moreover, existence of legal aspects i.e. oil and gas industry has assisted governments to negotiate with the threats and challenges within the indus try (Soyer and Kurtz-Shefford, 2014). Technical, Commercial and Legal Aspects of Petroleum and gas Industry According to the report of OPEC (2015), petroleum and gas industry is one of the most valuable industries within the globe. In this context, it can be stated that the petroleum and gas industry can influence the growth rate of a nation in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and profitability. At the same time, the petroleum and gas industry may also create an impact on the economy and employment related aspects of a nation. Based on the report of OPEC (2015), it is also witnessed that the government of UK as well as US has highly concentrated towards the innovative and courageous approaches, which has enhanced the recognition of the petroleum and gas industry within the globe. On the other hand, through emphasising towards the technological aspects the government has enhanced the growth rate of the petroleum and gas industry in around the globe. Moreover, it can be also claimed that public and commercial legal aspects have also assisted global petroleum and gas manufacturing organi sations to enhance its operational efficiencies and reduce challenges during the international trade operations (OPEC, 2015). Moreover, it can be also claimed that the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has also provided their extensive attention for ensuring the development of petroleum and gas industry by reducing internal and external challenges during the international trade operations. On the other hand, it can be claimed that for enhancing the overall efficiency of the petroleum and gas industry, WTO has highly concentrated towards human rights and intellectual property rights related aspects, which may influence the overall performance of the international trade operations. At the same time, WTO has also introduced financing and licensing mechanism for ensuring the development of the petroleum and gas manufacturing related projects. In this context, Soyer and Kurtz-Shefford (2014) claimed that through ensuring intellectual property rights i.e. natural resources and by enhancing human rights, the governments of UK and US has enriched overall competencies of the oil and gas industry (Soyer and Kurtz-Sheffo rd, 2014). Practice of Law On the other hand, with the aim of ensuring the practice of law, the governments of UK and US has highly concentrated towards the commercial aspects of the petroleum and gas industry. At the same time, the governments have also provided their higher attention for ensuring the relationship between international traders, by establishing major contracts between worldwide nations. Apart from this, the governments of UK and US has also emphasised towards the negotiable bills of lading for establishing better trade relations within the globe. In this context, the governments have also engaged tankers and ships for enhancing business performance within the petroleum and gas industry. As an effect, it is identified that through the assistance of tankers and ships the governments of UK and US has reduced international trade barriers and also minimize trade and commerce related challenges i.e. petroleum and gas industry. In this regard, Williams (2014) argued that the governments of UK and US have concentrated towards the economic policy and international trade related laws for ensuring the overall growth of the oil and gas industry. As an effect, it is identified that the overall treat of the global warming has been reduced in manner. Simultaneously, carbon (CO2) emission and chances of substance dangerous gases such as sulphur and nitrogen compounds have been reduced in an effective manner, which has ensured the balance of socio-environment in terms ecological as well as atmosphere related aspects (Williams, 2014). Insurance Law In accordance with Soyer (2014), indemnity of ships and tankers is one of the key aspects i.e. international trades. In this context, more specifically it can be argued that through concentrating towards the insurance law, governments can ensure the recovery of losses during the disaster conditions such as tsunami, store and earthquake among others. Thus, it can be claimed that through emphasising towards the insurance laws it is possible to ensure the relevance of international business operations. At the same time, through adoption of insurance laws, the governments of UK and US have enhanced the efficiency of overseas business operations and it has also reduced international trade related challenges. Additionally, it can be argued that through emphasising towards the trade related laws, governments can enhance the future prosperity of oil and gas industry (Soyer, 2014). International Trade Law Based on the viewpoint of Tettenborn (2014), international trade law is one of the key aspects through which global petroleum and gas manufactures can enhance the overall business efficiency and outcome of the business operations within the industry. Moreover, Tettenborn (2014) claimed that through emphasising towards international trade laws, it is possible to maintain the structure and operations of the international trade. Simultaneously, by concentrating on the international trade laws it is possible to develop the capital improvement plan (CIP). At the same time, through establishing adequate international trade laws it is possible to maintain the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) contracts of the petroleum and gas manufacturer. Additionally, proper international trade laws always emphasise towards the free on board (FOB) i.e. of international trade operations of petroleum and gas manufacturer. Thus, it can be evidently stated that adequate international trade laws can assist oi l and gas manufacturers to minimize the international trade obligations i.e. buyers and sellers (Kerr, 2007). In this context, it can be stated that over the years, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) has provided their higher attention towards the international trade laws with the aim of enhancing the international trade relations amid global nations. Moreover, ICC had concentrated on adequate international trade laws, with an aim of minimizing the trade risk involvement. On the other hand, through emphasising towards the international trade laws, it is also possible to reduce the chances of breach of contract during petroleum and gas trade operations. Consequently, through concentrating on the international trade laws, it is possible to ensure the authenticity of the bill of lading, insurance of transit goods and genuineness of the trade transport documents, which may conforms the protection of law i.e. international trading (Tettenborn, 2014). International Litigation and Arbitration According to the view point of Leloudas and Wen (2014) international litigation and arbitration is one of the foremost challenges for the global petroleum and gas manufacturing organisations. In this context, it can be argued that that international litigation and arbitration can obstruct the overall business performance for an organisation. At the same time, it may also influence several challenges for a nation in terms of economic and financial aspects. In this regard, the governments of UK and US have highly emphasised towards the factors through which it is possible to resolve the challenges of the governments in terms of international litigation and arbitration (Leloudas and Wen, 2014). Thus, ICC had paid extensive attention towards the judicial and arbitration structures with an objective of reducing the international trade disputes during the trade and commercial operations. In this context, it can be evidently stated that through incorporating special international laws, the governments of UK and US have addressed international litigation and arbitration i.e. oil and gas industry (Likosky, 2005). Law and Practice in International Banking and Commercial Payments According to the viewpoint of Toth, (2006), during the practice of international trade operation within the petroleum and gas industry, it is highly essential for the organisations to incorporate international banking and commercial payments mechanism for ensuring effective outcome of the business process. In this context, it can be stated that through emphasising towards banking and commercial payments mechanism, it is possible to reduce discrepancy in terms of cash payments. At the same time, it may also reduce obligation of the buyers in terms of documentary credits and bills of exchange. Moreover, it may also ensure integrated international payments for the oil and gas industry (Toth, 2006). Analysis and Evaluation Based on the above discussion, it can be stated that technical, commercial and legal aspects is one of the most essential factors, through which global petroleum and gas manufacturing organisations can enhance their operational efficiency and also can ensure the authenticity and reliability of the business operations. Simultaneously, it is also revealed that the governments of UK and US have emphasised towards consultation and disclosure of the international trade related information with an objective of enhancing the quality of business operations (Likosky, 2006). Moreover, the governments have also emphasised towards the employment, utility and infrastructure related aspects with an aim of ensuring smooth execution of trade operations within the petroleum and gas industry. Additionally, the governments have paid more attention towards health and community related aspects for establishing positive relations with the stakeholders of the oil and gas manufacturer (Department for Commun ities and Local Government, 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is revealed that most of the emerging countries governments have incorporated legal aspects along with technical and commercial aspects, with an aim of enhancing the operational efficiency of the petroleum and gas industry. At the same time, through concentrating on legal aspects, the governments of UK and US have enhancing the ability of negotiating challenges during the international trade operations. Thus, in order to conclude the topic, it can be evidently stated that adequate legal aspects may improve future prosperity oil and gas industry. References List Marful-Sau, S., 2009. Is Ghana Prepared to Manage The Potential Environmental Challenges of an Oil and Gas Industry?. University of Dundee, pp. 1-15. Management of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation, 2008. Status Report on the Jubilee Field Oil and Gas Development. Daily Graphic, pp. 26-26. Department for Communities and Local Government, 2013. Planning practice Guidance for Onshore Oil and Gas. Crown copyright, pp. 1-29. The University of Houston Law Center, 2014. Practice of Law in the Oil and Gas Industry. Assignments, pp. 1-2. United Nations Environment Programme Industry and Environment, 2015. Annual Report 2014. Publications, pp. 1-62. Ernst Young, 2014. Oil Gas Industry Forecast. Assurance, pp. 1-47. Lukoil, 2013. Global Trends in Oil Gas Markets To 2025. Global Trends, pp. 1-64. Parashar, S., No Date. Legal Aspect of Oil and Gas Sector. Subject: Oil and Gas [Online] Available at: https://www.manupatrafast.com/articles/PopOpenArticle.aspx?ID=3b9928f3-1807-4916-b783-33b3c38992dbtxtsearch=Subject:%20Oil%20And%20Gas [Accessed on 8 July, 2015]. UNEP Industry and Environment, 1997. Environmental Management in Oil and Gas Exploration and Management. Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum, pp. 1-76. Swansea University, 2015. LLM in Oil and Gas Law. College of Law, pp. 1-2. Soyer, B. and Kurtz-Shefford, T., 2014. LLM in Oil and Gas Law. Oil and Gas Law: Contracts and Liabilities, p. 2. Kurtz-Shefford, T., 2014. LLM in Oil and Gas Law. Public and Commercial Legal Aspects of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (Compulsory), p. 2. Williams, R., 2014. LLM in Oil and Gas Law. Charter parties: Law and Practice, p. 2. Soyer, B., 2014. LLM in Oil and Gas Law. Marine Insurance Law, p.2. Tettenborn, A., 2014. LLM in Oil and Gas Law. International Trade Law, p. 2. Leloudas, G. and Wen, S., 2014. LLM in Oil and Gas Law. International Litigation and Arbitration, p. 2. Kerr, J., 2007. Ecuadors New Energy Minister Calls for Renegotiation of Contracts, But Not Nationalization. Global Insight. Toth, 2006. Documentary Credits in International Commercial Transactions with Special Focus on the Fraud Rule. Athens/Budapest, pp. 1-191. Likosky, M. B., 2006. Law, Infrastructure, and Human Rights. Cambridge University Press. Likosky, M. B., 2005. Privatising Development: Transnational Law, Infrastructure and Human Rights. Leiden.